Unveiling the Condensed Structural Formula of 2-Methyl-2-Propanol: A Comprehensive Guide

Embark on a scientific adventure as we delve into the intriguing world of 2-Methyl-2-Propanol Condensed Structural Formula. This detailed exploration promises to illuminate the intricacies of this captivating compound, unraveling its molecular makeup and revealing its fascinating properties.

Prepare to be captivated by the journey ahead, where clarity and precision intertwine to unveil the secrets of 2-Methyl-2-Propanol Condensed Structural Formula.

Condensed Structural Formula

A condensed structural formula is a type of chemical formula that represents the molecular structure of a compound using only its atomic symbols and lines to represent chemical bonds. It is a simplified version of a structural formula, which shows all of the atoms and bonds in a molecule.

The condensed structural formula for 2-methyl-2-propanol is (CH3)3COH.

Example of Condensed Structural Formula, 2-Methyl-2-Propanol Condensed Structural Formula

In the condensed structural formula of 2-methyl-2-propanol, the carbon atoms are represented by the letters C, the hydrogen atoms are represented by the letters H, and the oxygen atom is represented by the letter O. The lines represent the chemical bonds between the atoms.

The condensed structural formula of 2-methyl-2-propanol can be interpreted as follows:

• The carbon atom in the center of the molecule is bonded to three hydrogen atoms and one carbon atom.
• The carbon atom on the left is bonded to three hydrogen atoms.
• The carbon atom on the right is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
• The oxygen atom is bonded to one carbon atom and one hydrogen atom.

Molecular Structure

2-Methyl-2-propanol, also known as tert-butanol, possesses a unique molecular structure that sets it apart from other alcohols. Understanding its molecular structure is crucial for comprehending its chemical properties and behavior.

The central carbon atom in 2-Methyl-2-propanol is tetrahedral, with four substituents attached to it: three methyl groups and a hydroxyl group. The hybridization of this carbon atom is sp ³, indicating that it has four electron pairs in its valence shell, each occupying one of the four sp ³hybrid orbitals.

Bond Angles and Lengths

The bond angles between the carbon atoms and the substituents are approximately 109.5 degrees, which is consistent with the tetrahedral geometry of the central carbon atom. The C-C bond lengths are all approximately 1.54 angstroms, while the C-O bond length is slightly shorter at 1.43 angstroms.

Functional Group

2-Methyl-2-propanol, also known as tert-butyl alcohol, contains a single functional group: the hydroxyl group (-OH).

The hydroxyl group is a highly polar functional group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. It is the characteristic group of alcohols and plays a crucial role in determining the physical and chemical properties of these compounds.

Characteristics and Reactivity

• Polarity:The hydroxyl group is highly polar due to the electronegativity difference between oxygen and hydrogen. This polarity allows alcohols to form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules, including water.
• Acidity:The hydroxyl group can donate its hydrogen ion (H+), making alcohols weak acids. Alcohols can undergo acid-base reactions with strong bases to form alkoxide ions.
• Nucleophilicity:The oxygen atom in the hydroxyl group has lone pairs of electrons, making it a nucleophile. Alcohols can react with electrophiles, such as alkyl halides, to form ethers.
• Oxidation:Primary and secondary alcohols can be oxidized to form aldehydes and ketones, respectively. Tertiary alcohols, like 2-methyl-2-propanol, undergo oxidation to form ketones.

Influence on Physical and Chemical Properties

• Solubility:The hydroxyl group makes alcohols polar and capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water. This results in the solubility of lower alcohols in water.
• Boiling Point:The hydrogen bonding between alcohol molecules increases the intermolecular forces, leading to higher boiling points compared to nonpolar hydrocarbons of similar molecular weight.
• Reactivity:The hydroxyl group’s reactivity influences the chemical reactions that alcohols can undergo. Alcohols can participate in a wide range of reactions, including dehydration, esterification, and oxidation.

Isomers

Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. This means that they have the same number of atoms of each element, but the atoms are arranged differently.

2-Methyl-2-propanol has two isomers:

• 2-Methyl-2-propanol (primary alcohol)
• 2-Methyl-1-propanol (secondary alcohol)

The structural formulas of these isomers are:

2-Methyl-2-propanol: (CH3)3COH

2-Methyl-1-propanol: CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3

The physical and chemical properties of these isomers are different. 2-Methyl-2-propanol is a primary alcohol, while 2-methyl-1-propanol is a secondary alcohol. Primary alcohols are more reactive than secondary alcohols, so 2-methyl-2-propanol will react more quickly with other chemicals.

Nomenclature

IUPAC nomenclature provides a systematic way to name organic compounds, including 2-Methyl-2-propanol. Understanding these rules helps us establish a clear and consistent naming system for various chemical compounds.

To name 2-Methyl-2-propanol, we follow specific guidelines:

Systematic Name

The systematic name of 2-Methyl-2-propanol is derived from its structure. The base name “propanol” indicates a three-carbon chain with an -OH (hydroxyl) group. The prefix “2-Methyl” signifies that a methyl group (-CH3) is attached to the second carbon of the chain.

Therefore, the systematic name becomes 2-Methyl-2-propanol.

Common Name

The common name for 2-Methyl-2-propanol is tert-Butyl alcohol. The term “tert-Butyl” refers to the tertiary butyl group (-C(CH3)3), which is attached to the -OH group.

Relationship between Structure and Name

The name 2-Methyl-2-propanol accurately reflects the structure of the compound. The prefix “2-Methyl” indicates the position of the methyl group on the second carbon, while “propanol” represents the three-carbon chain with an -OH group. The systematic name provides a precise and unambiguous way to identify the compound.

Physical Properties

-Methyl-2-propanol, also known as tert-butyl alcohol, exhibits unique physical properties that are directly related to its molecular structure.

Boiling Point

-Methyl-2-propanol has a relatively low boiling point of 82.5 °C compared to other alcohols. This is attributed to the presence of the bulky tert-butyl group, which hinders intermolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonding. The lack of strong intermolecular forces results in weaker cohesive forces, making it easier for the molecules to escape into the gas phase at a lower temperature.

Melting Point

-Methyl-2-propanol has a melting point of 25.5 °C, which is higher than that of other alcohols with similar molecular weights. The bulky tert-butyl group creates steric hindrance, preventing the molecules from packing efficiently in the solid state. This results in a more disordered crystal lattice with weaker intermolecular forces, leading to a higher melting point.

Density

-Methyl-2-propanol has a density of 0.789 g/mL, which is lower than that of water. The bulky tert-butyl group introduces more volume into the molecule, resulting in a lower density compared to other alcohols with similar molecular weights.

Solubility

-Methyl-2-propanol is soluble in both water and organic solvents. Its solubility in water is attributed to the presence of the hydroxyl group, which can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. The tert-butyl group, on the other hand, contributes to its solubility in organic solvents due to its nonpolar nature.

Chemical Properties: 2-Methyl-2-Propanol Condensed Structural Formula

2-Methyl-2-propanol, also known as tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), possesses unique chemical properties that make it valuable in various industrial applications. These properties include its reactivity towards acids, bases, and oxidizing agents, making it a versatile intermediate in organic synthesis.

TBA’s reactivity towards acids is primarily due to the presence of its tertiary alcohol group. In acidic conditions, TBA undergoes protonation to form a stable carbocation intermediate. This intermediate can then react with nucleophiles, leading to the formation of various products, such as ethers, esters, and alkyl halides.

Reactivity Towards Bases

TBA is relatively unreactive towards bases due to the steric hindrance around its tertiary alcohol group. The bulky tert-butyl group hinders the approach of nucleophiles, making it less susceptible to base-catalyzed reactions. However, under certain conditions, TBA can undergo deprotonation by strong bases, such as sodium hydride or potassium tert-butoxide, to form the corresponding tert-butoxide anion.

Reactivity Towards Oxidizing Agents

TBA is resistant to oxidation by mild oxidizing agents, such as potassium permanganate or chromic acid. However, it can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents, such as potassium dichromate or nitric acid, to form acetone and other products. The oxidation of TBA involves the cleavage of the C-C bond adjacent to the tertiary alcohol group.

Applications

-Methyl-2-propanol finds numerous industrial and commercial applications due to its unique properties, such as its high volatility, low viscosity, and excellent solvent capabilities.

One of the primary uses of 2-Methyl-2-propanol is as a solvent in various industries. It is commonly used in the production of paints, coatings, and adhesives due to its ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds. Additionally, it is employed in the extraction of essential oils and fragrances from natural sources.

Deicing and Anti-icing

-Methyl-2-propanol is also widely used in the aviation industry as a deicing and anti-icing agent. Its low freezing point and high volatility make it effective in preventing ice formation on aircraft surfaces, ensuring safe takeoff and landing operations during cold weather conditions.

Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Industries

In the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, 2-Methyl-2-propanol is utilized as a solvent in the production of various formulations. It is commonly used in the preparation of topical medications, such as creams, lotions, and ointments, due to its ability to enhance the absorption of active ingredients through the skin.

Laboratory Applications

-Methyl-2-propanol is also employed in various laboratory applications, including chromatography and spectroscopy. Its high volatility and low viscosity make it a suitable solvent for gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Additionally, it is used as a cleaning agent for laboratory glassware and equipment due to its excellent solvent properties.

Epilogue

As we conclude our exploration of 2-Methyl-2-Propanol Condensed Structural Formula, let us cherish the knowledge we have gained. May this understanding serve as a foundation for further scientific endeavors, inspiring a deeper appreciation for the intricate tapestry of chemistry.